Cephalometric Analysis from A to Z: Everything a Dentist Needs to Know
Everything a Dentist Needs to Know About Cephalometric Analysis — in One Course!
A step-by-step demonstration of identifying and interpreting key anthropometric landmarks on a cephalogram—the most important diagnostic protocol in orthodontics and prosthodontics.
Within this course, you will learn:
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Fundamental principles of cephalometric analysis
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How to identify and interpret skeletal and dental reference points
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How to define and analyze radiographic planes and angles
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Occlusal analysis in relation to the cranial base and the TMJ
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Dentoalveolar compensation in diagnosis and treatment planning
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Prosthetic treatment planning based on cephalometric data
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Protocols for reconstructing the Curve of Spee
After completing the course, you will be able to diagnose and plan orthodontic and prosthodontic treatments using cephalometric analysis.
Lesson 1. Fundamental principles of cephalometric analysis
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Technique of lateral cephalometric radiography: standardized head positioning in the cephalostat
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Frankfurt horizontal plane
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Purpose of cephalometric analysis in prosthodontics and full-mouth rehabilitation
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Skeletal structures in cephalometry:
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Cranial base
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Maxillary position
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Mandibular position
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Vertical dimension of occlusion and growth pattern
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Occlusal position within the skeletal framework
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Occlusion analysis relative to the cranial base and TMJ
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Functional determinants of occlusion
Lesson 2. Cephalometric measurements
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Identification and interpretation of anatomical structures
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Individual measurements versus population averages
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Linear measurements for correct magnification
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Cephalogram scaling and calibration
Lesson 3. Anatomical structures and landmarks
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Preliminary identification of anatomical structures on a cephalogram
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Spheno-occipital synchondrosis
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Clivus anatomy
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Cranial base anatomy
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Maxillary structures
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Mandibular structures
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Soft tissues, cervical spine, hyoid bone, and teeth
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Interpretation of anatomical landmarks:
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Maxillary tuberosity
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Frontal bone
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Nasal bone
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Frontonasal suture
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Integration of cephalometric data with the articulator
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Identification and interpretation of cranial base landmarks:
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Basion
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Porion
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Sella
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Nasion
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Analysis of cranial base landmarks in relation to the maxilla and mandible
Lesson 4. Maxillary and mandibular landmarks
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Interpretation of anatomical structures:
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Maxillary alveolar process
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Anterior nasal spine
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Premaxilla (incisive bone)
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Hard palate
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Mandibular alveolar process
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Inferior border of the mandible
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Posterior, superior, and anterior contours of the mandible
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Condylar process
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Coronoid process
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Variations in symphysis anatomy (Point B)
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Tangential Gnathion
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Condylar process
Lesson 5. Dental and profile landmarks
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Dental landmarks from a prosthodontic and full-mouth rehabilitation perspective:
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Maxillary central incisors
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Mandibular central incisors
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Mandibular first molar
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Maxillary first molar
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Maxillary and mandibular canines
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Maxillary and mandibular second molars
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Dental landmarks for occlusal assessment
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Determination of the esthetic plane
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Identification of profile landmarks
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Profile analysis from a prosthodontic perspective
Lesson 6. Planes and constructed landmarks. Part 1
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Nasion–Basion plane
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Frankfurt horizontal plane
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Palatal plane
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Sella–Nasion plane
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Sella–Articulare plane
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Sella–Basion plane
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Mandibular plane
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Facial plane
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Tangential Gnathion
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Tangential Gonion
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Facial axis
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Dental plane
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A-point–B-point plane
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Nasion–A-point plane
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Pterygoid–Nasion plane
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Pterygoid–Anterior Nasal Spine plane
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Y-axis
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Gonion–Nasion plane
Lesson 7. Planes and constructed landmarks. Part 2
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Identification of Xi point according to Robert Ricketts
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Anatomical correlation of Xi point
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Collum axis
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Corpus axis
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Corpus axis to Point D
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Anterior nasal spine and Xi point
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Incisal plane
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Long axis of molars
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Gnathological occlusal plane
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Upper occlusal plane
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Anterior and posterior occlusal planes
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Idealized occlusal plane by Prof. Rudolf Slavicek
Lesson 8. Cephalometric angles. Part 1
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Facial plane angle
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Sella–Nasion–B angle (SNB)
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Facial axis angle
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Sella–Nasion–A-point angle (SNA)
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Maxillary position (Pt–NA)
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Maxillary depth measurement
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Maxillary height measurement
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ANB angle
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Linear measurements by Robert Ricketts
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Gonion
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Björk angle sum
Lesson 9. Cephalometric angles. Part 2
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Mandibular plane angle
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Palatal plane angle
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Lower facial height (LFH)
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Esthetic plane
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Gnathological occlusal plane
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Inclination of the occlusal plane relative to the Frankfurt horizontal
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Interincisal angle
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Inclination of the maxillary incisor to the AB plane
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Inclination of the mandibular incisor to the AB plane
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Protrusion of maxillary and mandibular incisors relative to the AB plane
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Angular measurements relative to the dental plane
Lesson 10. Position of the maxilla and mandible relative to the cranial base
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Sagittal position of the maxilla: neutral, retrognathic, prognathic
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Sagittal position of the mandible: neutral, retrognathic, prognathic
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Cranial growth patterns: neutral, brachycephalic, mesocephalic, dolichocephalic
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Growth pattern determination for the maxilla
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Growth pattern determination for the mandible
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Use of cephalograms in prosthodontics
Lesson 11. Understanding skeletal growth patterns: high-angle and low-angle cases
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Facial morphology according to Björk
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Sassouni cephalofacial-dental analysis
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Hyperdivergent and hypodivergent facial profiles (Jarabak)
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Cranial growth tendencies: neutral, vertical, horizontal
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Maxillary growth tendencies
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Mandibular growth tendencies
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Hyperdivergent syndrome
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Hyperdivergent syndrome and occlusal planes
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Development of hyperdivergent Class III
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Development of hyperdivergent Class II Division 2
Lesson 12. Skeletal class and functional adaptive capacity
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Evaluation of anteroposterior dysplasia (Wylie)
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Kim’s parameters and values
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Determination of skeletal class
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Maxillary and mandibular position: neutral, retrognathic, prognathic
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Occlusal function and mandibular growth
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Functional mandibular adaptation to occlusion
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Step-by-step understanding of occlusal development from ages 6 to 14
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Posterior occlusal plane and skeletal development
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Functional capacity of mandibular adaptation
Lesson 13. Importance of anterior tooth analysis
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Determination of the long axis of incisors on the cephalogram
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Inclination of maxillary incisors
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Inclination of maxillary incisors relative to the AB plane
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Inclination of mandibular incisors
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Inclination of mandibular incisors relative to the AB plane
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Interincisal angle (Ricketts)
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Stuart angle determination
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Protrusion and inclination of incisors relative to the AB plane
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Prosthetic rehabilitation planning based on cephalometric parameters
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Proprioceptive role of the maxillary incisor in prosthetic planning
Lesson 14. Cephalometric analysis of molars
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Determination of the long axis of the mandibular first molar
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Parameters of mandibular and maxillary first molars
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Determination of the long axis of the maxillary first molar
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Intermolar angle
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Occlusal parameters of canines, premolars, and molars
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Determination of the gnathological occlusal plane
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Identification of anterior and posterior occlusal planes
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Upper occlusal plane determination
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Idealized occlusal plane
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Functional occlusal assessment
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Simulation of cephalometric analysis in an articulator
Lesson 15. Vertical dimension of occlusion and lower facial height
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Björk angle sum and overall cranial growth direction
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Corpus axis
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Determination of lower facial height
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Vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO)
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Cephalogram overlay in prosthetic treatment planning
Lesson 16. Understanding occlusion through occlusal planes
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Occlusal plane concepts in the literature
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Long axis of the mandibular first molar
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Determination of the gnathological occlusal plane
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Inclination of the occlusal plane
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Relative condylar inclination and disocclusion angle
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Idealized occlusal plane relationships
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Anterior and posterior occlusal planes
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Upper-posterior occlusal plane
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Occlusal plane planning
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Canine–intercondylar axis
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Curve of Spee analyzer
Lesson 17. From flat to curved occlusion: the Curve of Spee
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Distance to the occlusal plane
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Orthlieb formula
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Curve of Spee and Orthlieb correlation table
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Step-by-step wax-up reconstruction of the Curve of Spee
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Functional cusps of the mandibular dentition
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Position and inclination of the occlusal plane
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Occlusal plane curvature
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Influence of the Curve of Spee on occlusion
Lesson 18. Functional disclusion plane and the concept of sequential canine-guided disocclusion
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Prosthetic planning based on cephalometric parameters
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Establishing vertical dimension
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Integration of condylography with cephalometry
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Functional disclusion plane
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Floor of the mouth and suprahyoid muscles
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Mylohyoid muscle: function, attachment, innervation
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Digastric muscle: function, attachment, innervation
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Muscle palpation: intraoral and extraoral
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Occlusal concepts
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Sequential occlusion concept
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Sequential occlusion with canine dominance
Lesson 19. Vertical compensation in diagnosis and treatment planning
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Measurement of lower facial height
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Factors influencing increase or decrease of vertical dimension
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Cranial base and skeletal class
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Skeletal occlusion and compensation:
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Class I compensation
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Class II compensation
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Class III compensation
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Lesson 20. Dentoalveolar compensation in diagnosis and treatment planning
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Dentoalveolar parameters of skeletal Class I
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Dentoalveolar compensation in skeletal Class II
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Dentoalveolar compensation in skeletal Class III
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Wits appraisal
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Tweed triangle
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Dentoalveolar compensation mechanism (R. Slavicek)
Lesson 21. Joint compensation in diagnosis and treatment planning
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TMJ macroanatomy
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Compensation mechanisms and principles
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Adaptation, compensation, and decompensation
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Anatomy of the glenoid fossa and articular eminence
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Functional anatomy of the TMJ
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Physiological condyle–disc relationship
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Orientation of the condyle relative to the articular eminence
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Joint compensation
Lesson 22. Prosthetic parameters in cephalometry
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Cephalometric analysis as a gnathological tool
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Systemic functional analysis
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Functional disclusion plane
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Cephalometry and condylography
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Clinical case of cephalometric analysis
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Analysis of mandibular position on the cephalogram
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Treatment strategy and goals based on cephalometric parameters
22 lessons (8h 15min)