Cephalometric Analysis from A to Z: Everything a Dentist Should Know

The recording technique: standardized position within the cephalostat

The Frankfort horizontal plane

The aim of cephalometric analysis in prosthetic relation and oral rehabilitation

Individual skeletal structures within the cephalometry:

Cranial base

Position of the maxilla

Position of the mandible

Vertical dimension and growth tendency.

Position of occlusion within the skeletal frame

Analyses of occlusion in relation to the cranial base and the TMJ

The functional determinants of occlusion.

Identifying and tracing anatomical structures

Individual measurements compared to the average measurements of the population

Linear measurements for correct magnifications

The displayed scaling of the cephalogram.

Anatomical structures previewed on the cephalogram

The spheno-occipital fissure

Structures of Clivus

Structures of the base of the skull

Maxillary structures

Mandibular structures

Soft tissues, cervical spine, hyoid bone, and dental structures

Tracing and identifying anatomical structures:

Tuber maxillae

Frontal Bone

Nasal Bone

Sutura nasofrontalis.

Matching the cephalogram with the articulator

Tracing and identifying landmarks of the base of the skull:

Basion

Porion

Sella

Nasion.

Analysis of the cranial base landmarks in relation to the upper and lower jaw.

Tracing of anatomical structures:

The upper alveolar anterior process

Spina nasalis anterior

Anterior Maxilla

Hard palate

The lower alveolar anterior process

The lower border of the mandible

Posterior, superior, and anterior contour of the mandible

Condylar process

Coronoid process.

Different anatomical of the symphysis (Point B)

The gnathion tangentiale

The articulare, condylare, and process muscularis reference point.

Dental structures from the point of view of prosthetic dentistry and oral rehabilitation:

Upper central incisors: the incisor superius and apex

Lower central incisors: the incisor superius and apex

The lower first molar

The upper first molar

The upper and lower canines: cusp tip and root apex

The upper and lower second molar

Dental landmarks to assess the occlusion.

Tracing of the aesthetic plane

Tracing of profile landmarks

Profile analysis from a prosthetic point of view.

Nasion-Basion plane

Frankfort horizontal plane

Palatinal plane

Sella-Nasion plane

The Sella-Articulare plane

Sella-Basion plane

Mandibular plane

Facial plane

The gnathion tangentiale

The gonion tangentiale

The facial axis

Dental plane

A-point and B-point plane

Nasion and A-point plane

Pterygoid-Nasion plane

Pterygoid and anterior nasal spine plane

The Y-axis

Gonion-Nasion plane.

The Xi-point construction, according to Robert Ricketts

The anatomical correlation of the Xi-point

The collum axis

The corpus axis

Corpus axis to the D-point

The anterior nasal spine and the Xi-point

The incisal plane

The long axis of molars

The gnathological occlusal plane

Upper occlusal plane

Anterior and posterior occlusal plane

The idealized occlusal plane based on professor Rudolf Slavicek.

The facial plane angle

Sella-Nasion-B-point (SNB) angle

Facial-Axis angle

Sella-Nasion-A-point (SNA) angle

Maxillary position PtNA

Measurement of maxillary depth

Measurement of maxillary height

ANB angle

Linear measurements according to Robert Ricketts

Gonion angle

The sum of Björk polygon angles.

Mandibular plane angle

Palatal plane angle

Lower facial height (LFH)

Aesthetic plane

Gnathological occlusal plane

Occlusal plane inclination to frankfurt horizontal plane

Interincisal angle

Upper incisor inclination to AB plane

Lower incisor inclination to AB plane

Upper incisor protrusion to AB plane

Lower incisor protrusion to AB plane

Checksum: the angular measurement related to the dental plane.

Sagittal position of the maxilla: neutral, retrognathic, prognathic

Sagittal position of the mandible: neutral, retrognathic, prognathic

Skeletal Trend Skull: neutral, brachycephalic, mesocephalic, dolichocephalic

Skeletal Trend of the Maxilla: neutral, brachycephalic, mesocephalic, dolichocephalic

Skeletal Trend of the Mandible: neutral, brachycephalic, mesocephalic, dolichocephalic

Cephalogram in prosthodontic therapy.

Facial structure according to Bjork

Cephalometric analysis of cephalo-facio-dental relationship according to Sassouni

Hyperdivergent and hypodivergent facial profile according to Jarabak

The skeletal growth trend of the skull: neutral, vertical, and horizontal

The skeletal growth trend of the maxilla: mesocephalic, dolichocephalic, brachycephalic

The skeletal growth trend of the mandible: mesocephalic, dolichocephalic, brachycephalic

The hyper-divergent syndrome

The hyper-divergent syndrome and lower occlusal plane

The hyper-divergent syndrome and upper occlusal plane

Hyperdivergent Class 3 development

Hyperdivergent Class 2 development.

Wylie Antero-Posterior Dysplasia Assessment

Kim Values

Skeletal class determination

The position of the upper and lower jaw: neutral, retrognath and prognath

The function of occlusion and mandibular growth

The functional adaptation of mandible to occlusion

Step-by-step understanding of the occlusal development of 6 to 14 years of age

Posterior occlusal plane and skeletal development

The functional capacity of mandibular adaptation.

Defining the long axis of incisors on cephalogram

Upper incisor inclination

Upper incisor inclination to the AB plane

Lower incisor inclination

Lower incisor inclination to the AB plane

The inter-incial angle according to Ricketts

Determining the Stuart angle

Upper and lower incisors protrusion and inclination to the AB plane

Planning prosthetic rehabilitation with cephalometric parameters

The proprioceptive input of upper incisor for planning a prosthetic rehabilitation.

Defining the long axis of the lower first molar

The parameters of the first lower and upper molar

Defining the long axis of the upper first molar

The intermolar angle

The occlusal parameters of the upper and lower canines

The occlusal parameters of the upper and lower premolars

The occlusal parameters of the upper and lower molars

Determination of the gnathological occlusal plane

Determination of the anterior and posterior occlusal plane

Determination of the upper occlusal plane

Determination of the upper posterior occlusal plane

The idealized occlusal plane

The functional assessment of the occlusion

Simulating the cephalometric analysis on the articulator.

The Bjork sum and the overall growth direction of the skull

The Corpus axis

Lower facial height determination

Vertical Dimension of occlusion

Superimposition of cephalogram in prosthetic treatment planning.

The definition of occlusal plane in the literature

The long axis of the lower first molar

Defining the gnathological occlusal plane

Inclination of the occlusal plane

The relative condylar inclination and dis-occlusion angle

The idealized occlusal plane to occlusal plane

The anterior and posterior occlusal plane

The upper posterior occlusal plane

Planning of occlusal plane

Canine-Intercondylar Axis

Curve of Spee analyzer.

The distance to the plane of occlusion

The Orthlieb Formula

Curve of Spee and Orthlieb correlation table

Reconstruction of the curve of Spee: wax-up step-by-step

The active cusps of the lower arch

Occlusal plane position and inclination

Occlusal plane and curvature

The impact of the curve of Spee on the occlusion.

Planning prosthetic with cephalometric parameters

Establishing the vertical dimension

Merging condylography with cephalometry

The functional dividing plane

The floor of the mouth and suprahyoid muscles: function, origin, insertion, and innervation

The mylohyoid muscle: function, origin, insertion, and innervation

The digastric muscle: function, origin, insertion, and innervation

Muscle palpation: intra and extraoral

The occlusal concept

Development of the sequential occlusal concept

The sequential occlusal concept with canine dominance.

Measuring of the lower facial height

Influencing factors to increase or decrease the vertical dimension

Cranial base and skeletal class

Skeletal occlusal and compensation:

Compensation of skeletal class 1

Compensation of skeletal class 2

Compensation of skeletal class 3.

Dentoalveolar parameters in skeletal Class 1

Dentoalveolar compensation in skeletal Class 2

Dentoalveolar compensation in skeletal Class 3

Witts methods: the intermaxillary relation

Tweed triangle

The dentoalveolar compensation mechanism by R. Slavicek.

The macro anatomy of the TMJ

The compensation mechanism and principles

Adaptation, compensation, and decompensation

The anatomy of the concave fossa and the convex tuberculum articulare

The TMJ functional anatomy

The physiologic dis-condyle relation

The orientation of the condyle against eminentia articularis

Articular compensation.

Cephalometric analysis as a gnathological instrument

Systematic functional analysis

The functional dividing plane

Cephalometric and condylography

Clinical case of cephalometric analysis

Analysis of the mandibular position on the cephalogram

Treatment strategy and objectives based on cephalometric parameters.